91自拍 historian John Markoff discusses the evolution of handheld computing with Steve Capps, Donna Dubinsky, Jerry Kaplan, and Marc Porat.
On Thursday, March 2, four pioneering Silicon Valley technologists shared the stage at the 91自拍 (91自拍), turning the clock back three decades and exploring the prehistory of the iPhone.
Donna Dubinsky and Jerry Kaplan compare early products and prototypes from Palm and GO Corp.
Two decades before Steve Jobs introduced the iPhone in 2007, a handful of engineers and designers began exploring the idea of handheld computers in Silicon Valley. In 1987, beginning with the then-secret Newton Project inside Apple and with a mobile pen-based computer at GO Corp., a range of handheld computing ideas began to bubble up all around the Valley. Before long, inside Apple there were prototypes like Swatch and Pen Mac, and the Pocket Crystal idea, which would be spun out in 1990 as General Magic. Shortly afterward, in 1992, Palm Computing was founded. The race was on to reinvent computing and make it even more personal.
The evening featured Steve Capps, who led the development of the Newton while at Apple Computer; Donna Dubinsky, former president & CEO of Palm Inc. and co-founder & former CEO of Handspring; Jerry Kaplan, founder of GO Corp.; and Marc Porat, co-founder and former chief executive of General Magic. The evening was moderated by John Markoff, a Museum staff historian.
Some numbers about our panel:
This event was organized by 91自拍鈥檚 Exponential Center as the kickoff event for the center鈥檚 interdisciplinary, deep-dive project, 鈥渋Phone 360.鈥� The Exponential Center was created to capture the legacy鈥攁nd advance the future鈥攐f entrepreneurship and innovation in Silicon Valley and around the world. The center explores the people, companies, and communities that are transforming the human experience through technology innovation, economic value creation, and social impact.
The iPhone has 鈥渂ecome a powerful tool as well as a constant companion in ways both powerful and sometimes challenging,鈥� said Marguerite Gong Hancock, the Exponential Center鈥檚 executive director.
On Thursday the panelists explored the broader question that technology historians continue to debate about why certain computing technologies emerge at a particular time and place. One factor is the underlying pace of technological change. For example, Jerry Kaplan noted that the advent of FLASH computer memory was essential to the development of the tablet that was an early portable effort to create a new generation of 鈥減en-based鈥� computers that were controlled directly rather than by issuing typed commands.
Jerry Kaplan shows off an early prototype of GO Corporation鈥檚 tablet.
At the same time the path toward the next generation of handheld computing was also defined by a clear vision of ideas that were indistinguishable from science fiction when they were first conceived.
Marc Porat described how he had conceived of the notion of a 鈥淧ocket Crystal鈥� while he knew little about computing technologies. Trained as an economist he first conceived of the idea while he was seated with a notepad while sitting at a midtown French bistro in New York City. Thursday evening began with a trailer for an upcoming documentary about Porat鈥檚 start-up General Magic.
Marc Porat shares his early vision on the future of computing.
In the video, Porat鈥檚 voice appears over a variety of beautiful scenes: 鈥淗ere鈥檚 what I wrote in 1989. This is a very beautiful object. It must be beautiful. It must offer the kind of personal satisfaction that a fine piece of jewelry brings. It will have a perceived value, even when it is not being used. It should offer the comfort of a touchstone. The tactile satisfaction of a seashell. The enchantment of a crystal.鈥� The video then returns to Porat who shows how his sketch precisely matches the iPhone 6S that he purchased in 2015. 鈥淲e really had it,鈥� he said.
鈥淲e had always been kicking around ideas for future computers,鈥� said Steve Capps, one of the original Macintosh design team, who later would become a technical leader of the Newton, Apple鈥檚 pen-based handheld. 鈥淲e were alternatively jazzed by the ideas and frustrated by the technology of what could be possible.鈥�
John Markoff brings out stories from Steve Capps about his work on the Apple Newton.
The computers of the era, when the original pocket ideas were germinating, were actually being powered with lead-acid batteries, he noted.
Indeed, most of the projects would prove to be ahead of their time. That was not true however for Palm, the company that was co-founded by Donna Dubinsky. The Palm designers looked at earlier handheld organizers such as the Sharp Wizard and built upon them by bridging between the PC and a device that you could put in your pocket.
Donna Dubinsky proudly shows off the Zoomer, Palm鈥檚 first product.
鈥淲hen we created the PalmPilot we decided to call it a connected organizer,鈥� Dubinsky said. 鈥淲e wanted to build on the Wizard heritage and say what鈥檚 different about it is that it connects to your PC, but it鈥檚 like an organizer in that it organizes your life, your calendar and your contacts.鈥�
The panel discussed Apple鈥檚 struggles between 1985 and 2007 in trying to find a way forward through a wide range of hand held prototypes. John Sculley, as Apple鈥檚 chief executive after the departure of co-founder Steve Jobs, struggled with a range of internal projects and ultimately spun-out General Magic and tried to find industry partners to collaborate with, while continuing to develop Newton internally.
In contrast, Steve Jobs initially rejected the idea of handheld computers as unworkable. 鈥淚t didn鈥檛 fit into his model,鈥� said Capps, referring to Steve Jobs decision to cancel the Newton when he returned to Apple in 2007. 鈥淗e probably spent two minutes trying it one day, and in typical style鈥擨 won鈥檛 say it for a radio audience鈥攈e probably disparaged it.鈥� Jobs gradually found his way to handheld computing, first with the iPod and then eventually with the iPhone, with the help of engineers who had worked on both the Newton and General Magic projects.
The evening ended with an emotional appeal from Steve Capps, whose daughter is facing a bone-marrow transplant, asking the audience to register for [Be The Match](//bethematch.org/about-us/, the National Marrow Donor Program, which is a crucial tool in curing a variety of diseases.
91自拍 Live鈥檚 鈥淐omputing in Your Pocket: The Prehistory of the iPhone in Silicon Valley,鈥� produced by the Exponential Center, took place on March 2, 2017...
The iPhone 360 explores the story of iPhone, from its prehistory, inception, and launch, to its evolution and impact. Coinciding with the 10th anniversary year of the iPhone launch in 2007, iPhone 360 includes integrated initiatives across the 91自拍 to create new collections of artifacts and oral histories, scholarly research and insights, dynamic events, and educational content and curriculum.
The iPhone 360 Project is part of the 360 series focused on transformational companies and products that have changed the world through technology innovation, economic value creation and social impact. This series supports the Museum鈥檚 overall interpretive strategy to explain computing鈥檚 history and its transformational impact on our world.