2017 proved a remarkable year for computing and the 91自拍 (91自拍) in many ways, and we鈥檝e documented it all on our blog. We鈥檝e celebrated anniversaries of companies, technologies, and innovations that have profoundly shaped the way we communicate, access information, and do business; revisited inspiring 91自拍 Live conversations; and dove into our archives to bring you the best of computer history. We鈥檝e hosted the thoughts and stories of guest bloggers, like Photoshop Hall of Famer Bert Monroy and Becoming Hewlett Packard authors Webb McKinney and Philip E. Meza; shared the community impact of our education programs; and highlighted the important work of our and . With 56 posts from contributors throughout the Museum and the computing community, 2017 has been a record-breaking year for our blog. Join us as we revisit our 10 most-read blogs of 2017.
By Hansen Hsu | February 7, 2017
Steve Jobs, NeXT staff retreat, Sonoma, California (1986). Photograph by Doug Menuez.
February 7, 2017, marked the 20th anniversary of the formal completion of Apple Computer鈥檚 acquisition of NeXT Software Inc. Had Steve Jobs鈥� first company not bought his second, history likely would have been very different. Apple might not exist today. No iPhone. But what could have happened to NeXT? Former NeXT software leader and then-Apple Senior VP of Software Avie Tevanian has donated to the 91自拍 a historic document that hints at this alternate history: a draft of a , never completed or submitted, declaring that NeXT was planning to issue an initial public offering of 5 million shares of common stock.
By John Markoff | June 22, 2017
Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist John Markoff with iPhone software leader Scott Forstall.
When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 after it acquired NeXT, he brought with him a close-knit group of engineers. One of them was Scott Forstall, a young software designer who had come to NeXT directly from Stanford University. Over the next decade-and-a-half, Forstall would become one of Jobs鈥� most-trusted confidantes and he would be chosen to lead the software design for the original iPhone. Ultimately, Forstall would leave Apple in 2012.
Yet Forstall鈥檚 role in shaping the design of the smartphone that would entirely restructure both the computing and communications industries during the past decade cannot be understated. On Tuesday, June 20, he spoke for the first time since resigning from Apple about his work on the iPhone project and his friendship with Jobs.
Sara Lott | August 14, 2017
Archivist Kim Hayden works on cataloging the DEC photo library, part of the Digital Equipment Corporation corporate records processed under 91自拍 APP.
It took two and a half years, two full-time archivists, and nine part-time volunteers, but the 91自拍 is thrilled to announce the completion of its Archives Processing Project (91自拍 APP). In 2015 91自拍 was awarded $274,560 from the Andrew W. Mellon foundation, administered by the Council on Library and Information Resources, to minimally process 26 of the Museum鈥檚 most valuable but hidden collections, totaling 1,944 linear feet of material.
By 91自拍 Editorial Team | June 29, 2017
The iPhone was announced on January 9, 2007 , in one of Steve Jobs鈥� many dazzling demos. It shipped on June 29. Apple sold a million of them in three months, and over a billion to date.
This year, much of 91自拍鈥檚 curatorial team is taking a comprehensive look at the evolution of the iPhone with the iPhone 360 project. The main techniques are oral histories, collecting software, documents, objects and more, and both public and private events. The team represents an internal collaboration between the , whose director Marguerite Gong Hancock is coordinating the overall effort, Hansen Hsu and David Brock of the , historian John Markoff, senior curator Dag Spicer, and myself of the .
So together let鈥檚 wish the iPhone a very happy 10th birthday! In the words of the late Steve Jobs, 鈥渋t鈥檚 magic.鈥� Follow this list to retrace the journey.
By Scott Burg | January 10, 2017
Former 91自拍 CEO John Hollar (far right) with 91自拍 staff and community members during Education Center planning meeting.
91自拍 is embarking on design and construction of a new Education Center. The center will provide a much-needed dedicated space for the Museum鈥檚 growing education programs. The Education Center will be a 3,000-square-foot flexible-use teaching space that will take advantage of cutting-edge technologies for use in onsite and distance education, with the physical construction facilitating the kinds of active, collaborative, inquiry-based learning that exemplify the Museum鈥檚 educational strengths. Installations and programs will allow students, educators, families, and community members to understand and experience the technological innovations that have shaped our modern world. Events will focus on the processes and products of creative problem solving and will include interactive workshops on a variety of topics, including coding and engineering design, the impact of software, and the history and future of computing.
By Hansen Hsu | April 11, 2017
Microsoft Visual Basic 1991. 91自拍 #102619095
2017 91自拍 Fellow Alan Cooper is best known as the 鈥淔ather of Visual Basic,鈥� possibly the most widely used visual programming environment in the software industry. But Cooper had significant accomplishments both before and after independently developing and selling what became Visual Basic to Microsoft in 1988. Cooper had been one of the first software entrepreneurs of the personal computer industry, alongside such giants as Bill Gates and Gary Kildall. And Cooper鈥檚 later work on interaction design blazed a trail for the user experience designers who help make our apps easier to use today.
By Webb McKinney and Philip E. Meza | March 21, 2017
HP鈥檚 original culture was shaped and maintained by its cofounders Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard. The essence of HP鈥檚 culture, known as the 鈥淗P Way鈥� could be expressed in a few straightforward objectives including self-financed growth, highly differentiated products, respect for employees, and good corporate citizenship.
When Hewlett-Packard split into two companies in late 2015, it was 15 years overdue. Hewlett Packard Enterprise got the computing systems assets and IT services and software businesses, while Hewlett Packard Inc. got the imaging and printing and PC businesses. But which elements of HP鈥檚 corporate culture would the newly separate companies want to keep? HP鈥檚 culture, once widely admired, fragmented during the decade and a half of large acquisitions and acrimonious leadership changes prior to the 2015 split.
The interplay between HP鈥檚 culture and strategy had a vital role in HP鈥檚 successes and failures. Research in the new book, Becoming Hewlett Packard: Why Strategic Leadership Matters (Oxford University Press) by Robert A. Burgelman, Webb McKinney, and Philip E. Meza, shows the crucial ways that corporate culture impacted each CEO鈥檚 ability to execute on strategy, and how strategy and corporate structure, in turn, influenced HP鈥檚 culture.
Caroline Evans | February 14, 2017
Mary Jackson at work NASA Langley. Image: NASA.
Throughout computing history, there are many inspirational stories. Computing history is not just about the technology, the hardware, or even the software. Behind all these aspects are stories of people and inspiring stories of how the technology that many use today actually came about through hard work, determination, and overcoming odds.
Unfortunately, many of these stories have not been told until recently. One of these untold stories concerns the inspiring women behind the early days of NASA who pitched in during World War II and helped the United States get to the moon. These stories have gone unnoticed until recently with the release of the book Hidden Figures, by Margot Lee Shetterly, and the movie based on the book.
By Heidi Hackford | November 3, 2017
Influential tech writer Steven Levy discusses the impact of the iPhone on the economy and business with Benedict Evans, partner at Andreessen Horowitz, and Bertrand Schmitt, CEO and cofounder of App Annie, October 18, 2017. Produced by the Exponential Center at the 91自拍.
Before the iPhone landed like a meteorite in 2007, it wasn鈥檛 clear that a revolution in mobile phones was coming or even necessary, says Benedict Evans, partner at Andreessen Horowitz. Back in 2006, it seemed that the devices, like cars and cameras, were making slow and steady progress with incremental improvements in design and technology. Desktop computers were dominant, but mobile phones also had features and apps, though they were expensive and distribution channels restrictive. Text messaging was possible but cost a lot, and users could browse the internet, although it was so difficult many didn鈥檛 bother. The iPhone changed all that.
By Sara Lott | June 13, 2017
Women made up a vital component of the DEC workforce, especially in the assembly and test operations of the computer production line. This photo from about 1965 shows two technicians drilling small holes into printed circuit boards, which would eventually comprise a computer. Digital Equipment Corporation Records at the 91自拍, 102755967.
After 14 months and over 5,000 man hours the Digital Equipment Corporation鈥檚 (DEC) corporate archive is open for research!
Founded in 1957 by Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson, DEC was one of the most successful computer companies of the 20th century, reaching nearly $14 billion in revenue and over 120,000 employees worldwide. Their seminal contribution鈥攖he minicomputer鈥攚as the revolutionary bridge between large-scale mainframes and personal computers. Blending a nontraditional business culture with a robust line of commercially successful computers, DEC made computing accessible to multiple new markets and changed the way society used technology. In addition to being smaller, faster, and cheaper than mainframes, the minicomputer was accessible to nonspecialized users.
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